From the G&M: "The broken chain of answerability"

By one definition, a gearhead is a person who is extremely interested in computer hardware and software and they work.

Well, if that's the case, then Donald Savoie could be called a govhead. He's got an extraordinary interest in and knowledge of the hardware and software of government.

Savoie holds the Canada Research Chair in Public Administration and Governance at the Universite de Moncton. He's an accomplished public servant and academic with a resume that would make even the highest achievers feel inadequate.

His most recent book - Court Government and the Collapse of Accountability in Canada and the United Kingdom - won't make the national best seller list, but among academics and others interested in how government runs, Savoie's writings will become required reading.

Savoie condensed part of his recent book into a two page article last month in the Globe and Mail. His observations should startle Canadians into re-examining the federal and provincial government sin the country. Likely, Savoie will go unnoticed, not just unheeded.

Let's hope not:

The relationship among Parliament, the prime minister, ministers and public servants is in need of repair, and we are ill served by pretending that all is well. We should no longer tolerate court government, by which a political leader with the help of a handful of courtiers shapes and reshapes instruments of power at will. Those with the power to introduce change for the better are reluctant to do so because they enjoy being able to wield tremendous power.

We need to define, preferably in law, the role of the prime minister, cabinet and the public service and give public servants an administrative space of their own to manage government operations, while recognizing that the prime minister and ministers must always have the authority to override public servants in all matters not covered by statutes.

...

What is to be done? The time has come to engage Canadians in a debate on the role of Parliament, officers of Parliament, the prime minister, cabinet and the public service, and for Canadians and public servants to tell Parliament, "Heal thyself." Political parties need to take the lead and launch a meaningful debate on the state of our national political-administrative institutions. The issue is vitally important, and parties should engage their members in the debate. It provides an opportunity for political parties to be more than election-day organizations, to offer meaningful opportunities for involvement and to become effective vehicles for promoting thoughtful debates and change.

-srbp-

Create wealth fund: OECD

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development believes that a Norway-style overseas investment fund would be beneficial for Canada:

“It's not [only] an exchange rate play. It's a more fundamental issue” of investing the proceeds for the future, and helping manufacturing in Canada at the same time, said Angel Gurria, secretary general of the OECD, in Ottawa on Wednesday to release its report on the Canadian economy.

The OECD wants Alberta “not to be so procyclical ... not to spend all those revenues now,” said Peter Jarrett of the OECD economics department.

The federal government should set up a fund too, and set aside any windfalls in a transparent manner, he said.

The Norway idea is a popular one among some academics and government officials but has never gained traction among politicians in Canada.

Ottawa has said in the past that it can't calculate how much money it gets from the energy industry, given the substantial spin-offs of investment and production in that industry, Mr. Jarrett said. But there's nt reason it couldn't create a model.

“There is scope for doing so,” he said.

Bond Papers has discussed the idea at least once before. So far local pols have ignored the idea.

You find a summary of the OECD report at oecd.org.

Don't cut yourself on the edge...

Earlier today, from the CPRS national conference in Halifax, Joseph Thornley liveblogged a panel presentation on the impact blogs, youtube and a raft of other new Internet phenomena are having on employee communications.

CBC employees will enjoy the bit from Amanda Brewer and the impact the Internet had on the 2005 strike. Brewer was a CBC employee who left the company after the strike, took a job with Hill and Knowlton which has now been hired by Ceeb management to help the Corp cope.

-srbp-

CPRS-NL submission to the Cameron Inquiry

[Editor's note: Following is the text of the submission made by the Newfoundland and Labrador Chapter of the Canadian Public Relations Society (CPRS) to the Cameron Inquiry, under the call for submissions in Part II of the Inquiry.

The only editorial change in the submission made here is to move the acknowledgements from its position at the front of the original document to the end.]

Submission to the Commission of Inquiry on Hormone Receptor Testing

by

Canadian Public Relation Society –Newfoundland and Labrador (CPRS-NL)
May 15, 2008

Legal roflmao of the week

roflmao.

Rolling on floor laughing my ass off.

Internet shorthand.

Anyway.

Post a few court decisions and someone sends along a link to a blog that is built entirely on the humourous goings-on in courts south of the border.

That's the United States, since this is being written in Canada.

Lowering the bar is the blog.

It's most recent post describes some of the arguments presented in FCC v. Fox Television. That's a case at the heart of which is whether or not fleeting uses of four letter expletives are sufficiently shocking to audiences that they should be banned entirely from broadcasting between the hours of six and 10 in the evening.

Seems the lawyer for Fox began his argument by using two of the seven words you can't say on television repeatedly and in full.

There's a link to another post about a Pennsylvania case where fines where handed out to a person being deposed and his counsel for the use of the infamous "f*ck" 73 times in the course of a deposition, while the word contract only came up 14 times. The fine worked out to $367 per "f*ck".

Some people have no sense of humour.

In any event, turns out that the Wall Street Journal has a law blog, which is is well worth checking out on occasion. There's also SCOTUSblog which is, as the name suggests, a blog about the Supreme Court of the United States. These both tend toward a more serious raportage of legal matters than the stuff you'll find at Lowering the bar.

In Canada, you can find The Court, which is a rather serious blog from Osgoode Hall law school about the Supreme Court of Canada and its decisions. A reference librarian from SCC has his own blog, titled Library boy. google around enough and you'll find a few more worth stopping by if you have a sudden taste for things about lawyers written by lawyers.

Too bad we don't get this kinda stuff from the local law courts. Something says there'd be plenty of really funny stories to relate.

Barristers may feel free to send their submissions for consideration.

Update: In order to ensure there is no confusion, the phrase "for consideration" used above should in no way be construed as an offer to pay for any posts a barrister may submit. Words are funny things and lawyers are good at using them. Let's make sure there is no confusion.

Further to that point, posts may be made under a pseudonym provided that your humble e-editor knows who is making the submission. The local bar is a small one and a pseudonymous post might be in order under the right circumstances. Barristers should be somewhat creative in using a pseudonym. Rumpole is right out, but any of the other characters are fair game.

Speaking of Rumpole, undoubtedly he'd have had something to say about the initiative in the United Kingdom to change the style of dress in court. There's a discussion paper on the subject, complete with illustrations of the old and the proposed new.

The reaction to the proposal - which could see an end to wigs in British courts - has been somewhat mixed. Here's a link to the Inner Temple library blog with posts on the reaction as covered in the media.

-srbp-

From the Supreme Court of Canada

Where someone is from would obviously affect how one applies the Charter.

Was that sarcasm clear enough for the proponents of the ghetto school of judicial appointments?

Still, here's a case for the legally mind that's worth noting:

The accused made an incriminating statement, after four hours of resistance, immediately after being confronted by the interrogating officer with a prior statement obtained from him in violation of his constitutional right to counsel. The trial judge admitted the latter statement and convicted the accused on three counts of sexual interference. The Court of Appeal upheld the convictions.

Held: The appeal should be allowed and a new trial ordered. The impugned statement should have been excluded pursuant to s. 24(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

A statement is tainted by an earlier breach of an accused’s constitutional
rights if the breach and the impugned statement can be said to be part of the same
transaction or course of conduct. Here, the required connection between the two
statements was direct and obvious. It was temporal, causal and, to some extent,
contextual. The interrogating officer concluded that he would not obtain the
incriminating admissions sought unless he confronted the accused with the latter’s
earlier inadmissible statement. He therefore proceeded to do so. In this way the
interrogating officer made use, knowingly and deliberately, of an earlier statement that the police themselves had obtained from the accused in a manner that infringed his Charter rights. This alone was sufficient to taint the subsequent statement and to cry out for its exclusion pursuant to s. 24(2) of the Charter. To hold otherwise would be to invite the perception that the police are legally entitled to reap the benefit of their own infringements of a suspect’s constitutional rights. And this would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

-srbp-

The elements of a good communications plan

Courtesy of Dave Fleet, a step by step guide to communications planning.

He starts - where else? - with a good overview.

-srbp-

And it isn't in code

Israel's security service is blogging in hopes of attracting a few good nerds into the service.

Sounds like a farkocktah idea.

Who knows?

They might be on to something.

If you read Hebrew, you can check out the site here: Shin-Tech.

-srbp-

D'oh!

Two "patriots".

One shags up a discussion of the courts.

The other shags up the current discussion on the Lower Churchill.

Both could have used a little fact-checking before launching into their tirades.

-srbp-

To the crowd running Tammany Hall

St. John's municipal elections use mail-in ballots read by optical scanners.

The people running the thing should think about how their system works.

There's one way of screwing with the system technologically.

Then there's always the impact how the ballot is laid out can have on voters. Is it a coincidence that Doc and Ron were at the top of the columns separated by an abnormally long gap from the next name on the ballot and both won by handy margins?

-srbp-

Things that go up...

Usually go down.

It's just a matter of when and how far.

-srbp-

Related: "What goes up must come down"

Rest in peace, Jack. You earned it.

For every sleveen in politics, there's someone like Jack Byrne to keep your optimism alive.

-srbp-

Truer words

"These numbers are ridiculous".

He should know.

We couldn't have said it any better.

-srbp-

Back to reality

1. Two out of three residents voted for none-of-the-above. Before anyone gets too excited about the results of the St. John's municipal by-election, just take a look at the numbers.

Voter turn-out was about 33%.

The overwhelming majority of residents didn't vote. Period.

Even in a general election, voter turn-out is appallingly low. This by-election was nothing to crow about.

2. Municipal politics is no place for ideas.

While Doc and Ron both had help from professional advertisers, they ran campaigns devoid of any political oomph or presence. There were plenty of slogans but nothing that could even be mistaken for substance.

Voters weren't engaged in this campaign because no one engaged them.

Municipal politics is no place for ideas. This by-election proved it in spades.

No one should wonder why the city is in a financial mess. Check the size of the subsidy for Mile One today versus when these guys got elected in 2005.

Then look more closely at the Sink Hole's financial statements than accepting what are likely to be the councillors assurances that the thing is breaking even without an anchor tenant.

3. Then there are the surprises.

Debbie Hanlon.

Opposed by the Ron Ellsworth municipal machine and a bit of spite from another corner.

Wins with more votes in Ward Four than Ellsworth had the last time out in the general election. She put sweat equity into the job where Ellsworth just flicked cash at it.

The municipal system is made for a politician who works the phones tirelessly early on and has really huge name recognition.

-srbp-

ECNL - Part 2 - Delayed

The second part of the mini-series on the energy corporation legislation is delayed.

There are amendments either already introduced or pending, some of which could change the meaning of specific sections of the bill dramatically.

Better to wait until the whole thing is finished and then put together a general description of the legislation and what the energy corporation will look like.

One interesting tid-bit that's turned up already: last fall, natural resources minister Kathy Dunderdale made a comment in an interview with Ted Blades, a comment that seemed strange at the time.

She said something to the effect that Hydro would buy power from the Lower Churchill. It seemed strange at the time since any Lower Churchill development corporation seemed like a natural subsidiary of Hydro itself and therefore, Dunderdale would have the company buying power from itself.

Turns out she was right, but the rest of us couldn't have known it in September 2007. The plan, as contained in the EnerCorp strategic plan - released in March 2008 - is to have Hydro as a subsidiary of EnerCorp alongside all the companies that used to be subordinate to Hydro.

So yeah. In order to get power to replace Holyrood generation, Hydro would have to buy power from its sister company.

-srbp-

Energy Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador (Part 2)

[This post was originally scheduled to post in June 2008.  For some reason, it never appeared. Your humble e-scribbler found it recently and decided to post it retroactively with the original date.  Note that it is an unedited draft. Some of the links may have changed since 2008.  The comments come entirely from the original version of the bill and were made prior to any actual experience with the corporation.]

In Part 1, we offered some links to information on or related to the Energy Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador (EnerCorp).

In this part, we will take a look at some specific issues that have come up as a result of proposed amendments to the energy corporation act.

Space does not permit a detailed dissection of the entire energy corporation and all the issues surrounding it nor will the following offer any views on the merits or demerits of the energy corporation and the legislation under discussion.

Instead, we will look at four specific aspects dealt with in the provincial government news release on the amendment bill and attempt to describe what the provisions of the bill mean.

1. Establish public accountability process.

The Energy Corporation Act establishes that the corporation is accountable to the legislature through the minister and cabinet.

EnerCorp is an agent of the Crown. As such:

A Crown corporation that has agent status enjoys the constitutional immunities, privileges and prerogatives that are enjoyed by the Crown and can bind the Crown by its acts.

The Crown is ultimately fully liable and financially exposed for all actions and decisions by its agent corporation while the corporation is operating within its mandate. In other words, the corporation's assets and liabilities are the assets and liabilities of the government. [Emphasis in original]

Bill 35 further develops the accountability process in several specific ways.

First, it establishes that unless otherwise indicated in the approval given by cabinet to establish
a subsidiary, the subsidiary will be incorporated under the provincial Corporations Act or the appropriate legislation of any other jurisdiction.

A subsidiary established in this way is not an agent of the Crown. That means that:

the government is not legally liable for the specific actions of the corporation, unless the corporation acts under explicit direction of the Crown, and has, in the eyes of a court, created a common-law principal-agent relationship.

A non-agent corporation would normally be subject to federal, provincial and municipal taxation like private sector corporations.

As well, the subsidiary may be a partnership involving both EnerCorp and non-EnerCorp companies. The agreement establishing the partnership or joint venture may specify financial arrangements, the distribution of shares, as well as the distribution of seats on the subsidiary's board of directors.

Bill 35 does not alter the existing subsidiaries, namely Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation, Twin Falls Power Corporation, Lower Churchill Development Corporation (non-operating) and Gull Island Power Corporation (non-operating).

Overall, this approach is consistent with past practice in Newfoundland and Labrador and with the Government of Canada.

Second, EnerCorp is required to hold an annual general meeting to which the public are admitted and to issue an annual report. (s. 5.1 and s. 5.2) A private sector corporation's annual general meeting would normally be held to allow shareholders to vote on certain measures such as electing new directors and to receive reports from the corporation.

In this case, however, directors of EnerCorp are appointed by cabinet. The subsidiaries are governed by their own articles of incorporation. Members of the public may attend such a meeting, but there is no indication what status they might have beyond that of silent observer.

In the case of the annual report, EnerCorp is required to present its consolidated financial statements and such other reports on its activities as it may wish to report on or as directed by the minister. Whether or not this provision applies to any subsidiaries would appear to depend on the articles of incorporation.

Third, Bill 35 provides that EnerCorp and its subsidiaries are subject to audit by the auditor general, to the access to information act and similar statutes, the extent of disclosure beyond cabinet is restricted more than in the existing legislation.

For example, the access to information act (ATIPPA), already provides for withholding commercial information. Bill 35 changes that significantly by defining "sensitive commercial information", giving EnerCorp's chief executive officer the power to determine what constitutes sensitive commercial information under the Act and requiring that his decision be followed by the auditor general and other officials

Under Bill 35, "sensitive commercial information" is defined as:

information relating to the business affairs or activities of the corporation or a subsidiary, or of a third party provided to the corporation or the subsidiary by the third party,...

In other words, all information is potentially "sensitive."

The test or procedure for determining sensitivity is given at s. 5.4:

where the chief executive officer of the corporation or the subsidiary to which the requested information relates reasonably believes

(c) that the disclosure of the information may

(i) harm the competitive position of,

(ii) interfere with the negotiating position of, or

(iii) result in financial loss or harm to

the corporation, the subsidiary or the third party; or

(d) that information similar to the information requested to be disclosed

(i) is treated consistently in a confidential manner by the corporation, the subsidiary or the third party, or

(ii) is customarily not provided to competitors by the corporation, the subsidiary or the third party.

If the corporation consistently considers the number of its employees to be sensitive information, then it must be withheld from disclosure.

In the case of the auditor general, the same general approach applies. As well, in the event of a dispute, the chief executive officer's decision must be followed with the withheld information provided to cabinet in a separate report:

In the case of a disagreement between the auditor general and a chief executive officer respecting whether information in a draft report is commercially sensitive information, the auditor general shall remove the information from the report and include that information in a separate report which shall be provided to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council in confidence as if it were a report to which section 5.5 applied.

Some additional specific types of sensitive information are given in Bill 35 which must be withheld. These include:

financial or commercial information, including financial statements, details respecting revenues, costs and commercial agreements and arrangements respecting individual business activities, investments, operations or projects and from which such information may reasonably be derived,

and

information respecting legal arrangements or agreements, including copies of the agreement or arrangements, which relate to the nature or structure of partnerships, joint ventures, or other joint business investments or activities,....

It is not clear whether cabinet may make or would make such information public general terms or if it would be kept confidential. It is also not clear to what extent any changes to the organization of a subsidiary - for example, in its ownership other than a complete withdrawal of any EnerCorp interest - would be disclosed under this Act.

- srbp -

To infinity, and beyond - redux

Planetspace, Inc., an American company that lost in its bid to develop NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Systems phase one demonstrations, is lobbying the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador for financial assistance for an unspecified venture.

Planetspace was one of 13 companies in the race to develop the commercial orbital system but lost out earlier this year to Orbital.

Mark Doucet, of Cabot Capital Network Projects is the registered lobbyist. Doucet has registered to lobby the Premier's Office, the Business Investment Corporation as well as the business, finance, tourism, innovation and transportation departments for a "financial incentive request".

The Globe and Mail reported last year that Fred Doucet, former chief of staff to Brian Mulroney, was lobbying the Government of Canada for $45 million to support development of a space tourism venture as part of the Nova Scotia project.

Fred Doucet, president and chief executive officer of Fred Doucet Consulting International Inc (FDCI), is listed in the federal government registry as a lobbyist for Planetspace. Mark Doucet is listed in the registry as a vice president of FDCI.

Fred Doucet's name popped up early in 2008 as the go-between who arranged meetings been Mulroney and German businessman Karlheinz Schreiber. He denied knowing anything about financial transactions alleged to have taken place at the meetings.

Fred Doucet is reported by the National Post to have been a business partner of former Premier Frank Moores in Government Consultants International.

Planetspace signed a deal in August 2006 with the Government of Nova Scotia for 300 acres of land as part of a plan to develop an orbital launch facility. Bond Papers reported the Nova Scotia deal in July 2007.

-srbp-

Energy Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador (Part 1)

[Update: 02 June; added chart of EnerCorp organization]

Several e-mail requests arrived asking for some comment on the energy corporation bill currently before the House of Assembly.

In the interests of helping people to pick apart the aspects of the discussion, here are some general observations on the bill, the Energy Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador(EnerCorp) and some of the issues that have turned up in the House of Assembly and news media.

The one characteristic of the current discussion is that many of the people commenting publicly have not read any of the documents or pieces of legislation shown below.

Anyone wanting more detail can contact your humble e-scribbler directly at horridlm at gmail dot com or the usual bondpapers at hotmail dot com.

In Part 1, we'll set the table - so to speak - by giving links to some general information. In Part 2, we'll look at some of the specific issues raised in the past two weeks.

1. Legislation

To start out, you can find several pieces of legislations that apply to this discussion. These will all come up later in this post to one extent or another.

• Access to Information and Protection of Public Privacy Act
• Corporations Act
  
• Electrical Power Control Act, 1994
• Energy Corporation Act
• Energy Corporation Act (amendment) also known as Bill 35
  
• Hydro Corporation Act
  
• Hydro Corporation Act, 2007 (not proclaimed)
• Public Tender Act
• Public Utilities Act
  
• Securities Act

2. Energy Plan

Released in 2007 after a decade in development, the energy plan describes in very general terms the government's intentions for the energy sector.

3. Energy Corporation of Newfoundland and Labrador

From the 2007 energy plan:

This Energy Corporation will be wholly owned by the province and will be the parent company of Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro (NLH), Churchill Falls Labrador (CF(L)Co) Corporation, other subsidiaries currently owned by NLH and new entities created to manage the province’s investments in the energy sector. This will provide a structure that permits both regulated and non-regulated activities to exist and grow within separate legal entities.

EnerCorp is not Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro with an expanded mandate.

That approach, implemented with changes to the Hydro Corporation Act in 2006 was abandoned in 2007 with the introduction of two new bills, one of which created the energy corporation and the other covering the Hydro corporation.

Under the new approach, EnerCorp is the parent or holding company, with a revised Hydro Corporation as a subsidiary. Among other things, Bill 35 will change or will allow changes to how these and any new subsidiaries are incorporated

While Hydro had several subsidiaries, these are now all subsidiaries of EnerCorp separate from Hydro.

This includes Churchill Falls Labrador Corporation (CFLC0), for example the joint venture with Hydro Quebec to manage Churchill Falls. Twin Falls Power Corporation, a joint venure with two private mining companies to supply power to Labrador West is a subsidiary of CFLCo. Gull Island Power Corporation and the Lower Churchill Development Corporation are also now subsidiaries of EnerCorp, not of Hydro.

The old structure can be seen in this chart:


The new structure can be seen more clearly in the EnerCorp strategic plan.

This is Bond Papers' version of the same chart:






















4. Some other jurisdictions

• Hydro Quebec Act
• Manitoba Hydro Act
• Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for governance of state-owned enterprises
• Saskatchewan, Crown Corporations Act, 1993
  
• Crown Investments Corporation
  
• Saskatchewan Crown corporation governance: one view.
• Saskatchewan: views on performance reporting

-srbp-

Say goodnight, Hedy

That's Hedley.

Harvey Korman, one of the finest comedic actors of the past century died today of complications from an aortic aneurysm. He was 81.

Korman is best remembered as part of the cast of the Carol Burnett Show but some of his finest work was as Hedley Lamarr, the villain in Mel Brooks' 1974 western spoof Blazing Saddles.

In memory of Korman here are two clips, one of Korman with Mel Brooks as Governor William J. LePetomane.


The second one, well it's just short and sweet.

-srbp-

The politics and challenges of education reform in post-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador (Part IV)

by Philip J. Warren

Challenges For The Future

Looking ahead, there are several challenges in elementary and secondary education that, I believe, need to be addressed. I plan to highlight five of these.

Focusing More on the Teacher and Learning

Many post-Confederation reforms in Newfoundland education did not focus on the teacher in the classroom, but rather on the structure and governance of education. Reforming structure and governance is much easier that improving the teaching-learning process. And when it's done, its gives the appearance of political action by the government in power. As important as organizational changes are, the real challenge is to provide caring, well-educated teachers for the classrooms of the Province, working in a supportive classroom environment. Providing such teachers and such an environment is the single most important factor in improving education, even more important than class size.

I'd like to make a comment or two about the preparation of teachers. It's important for Memorial University as a whole to consider the preparation of high-quality teachers as a top priority. Budgetary and personnel decisions should be consistent with that vision. In addition to providing the resources to guarantee excellence in pre-service education, the University should ensure that the Faculty can also focus on the continuing professional development of teachers. Professors in the Faculty should be rewarded for their service in this area, as they are for excellence in teaching and research. And facilities and resources for teacher education at Memorial should be constantly upgraded. We've only just begun to examine the potential of technology to transform education at all levels.

As a Province, we must continue to address teacher workload issues and provide more support services for teachers, particularly in the increasing number of small schools. While we've made significant progress in these areas recently, in response to the ISSP/Pathways and Shortall reports, there are still too many schools, urban as well as rural, that do not have adequate teaching resources; adequate secretarial, maintenance, and computer-technician staff; adequate bathroom and lunch facilities for teachers; or a comfortable and healthy place where teachers can relax when they're not teaching. Too many teachers who work with children with special learning needs, including the gifted and the talented, lack the necessary supports. Much more must be done to support teachers working with our aboriginal children.The housing needs of teachers who serve in many isolated areas of the Province are not being met. These conditions undermine the enthusiasm and motivation of teachers, and, therefore, negatively impact student learning. They must be addressed.

Promoting Greater Parental and Public Involvement

The meaningful involvement of the public, particularly parents, is another area where reform is necessary. Greater parental involvement can be justified on the basis of efficiency and effectiveness, as well as democracy. Parents can have a huge impact in working with and motivating their children, reinforcing their school-time experiences. What the ISSP/Pathways Report said about the parents of special needs children can be used to describe the feelings of too many other parents: they often feel powerless and marginalized.

I believe that Newfoundland school districts are now too large geographically for effective parental input, using the current model. Ways must be found to increase the involvement of parents and the public generally in school board elections and educational decision-making. Effective school boards are essential to the future development of education, as are effective school councils. We must decentralize more educational decision-making in this Province.

As Denise Pike and her associates at the Federation of School Councils have demonstrated, school councils can contribute significantly to the improvement of student achievement and performance. The time has come for the Department of Education to make the development of a comprehensive parent involvement policy a major priority.

Investing More in Educational Research

Investment in research has been virtually neglected as a part of our strategy in education reform. The reality is that we don't know how to solve many of the educational problems that we face. Certainly, there are no quick fixes or magic bullets. The best way forward is to take the best evidence that we have, try a variety of strategies that seem to have some empirical or conceptual support, assess their results, communicate our findings to all involved, and make changes accordingly. As Gerald Galway has rightly concluded, we need much more evidence-based decision-making in education.

It's interesting to compare the place of research in educational policy-making today with its place in health care. Research in health care has received funding from the Federal Government, something that's not likely in education. The Province, therefore, must address this need, in co-operation with the University and its other partners, because more research, both qualitative and quantitative, will help improve teaching and learning in the classroom.

Providing Sustained Bottom-up and Top-Down Leadership

Local leadership, at the school district as well as the school level, is vitally important in the improvement of education. We must act immediately to increase the pool of potential principals, for example, and improve their working conditions, for it is they who set the tone for teaching and learning. The leadership of principals may be the second most important factor (next to the teacher) in the improvement of student learning. This Province needs a comprehensive leadership strategy in education.

Education reform must be accompanied by sustained leadership from the top as well, focusing on longer-term as well as shorter-term goals. Cabinet ministers tend to establish agendas shortly after their appointment, but all too often, before much has been accomplished, they are moved to another portfolio, and new briefings required and new priorities established. Keeping successful Ministers of Education in their portfolios for longer periods of time would facilitate sustained leadership at the Provincial level. Ministers, of course, must be supported by highly-qualified officials in their Department, who, along with the Minister, keep in constant touch with what's going on in the field.

Recognizing the Political Nature of Reform

Education reform is very much a political process, requiring expert planning and a great deal of hard work. Change in education is very slow, and never moves in a straight line: the direction is determined by the forces at work at any one point in time. And there will always be opposition. Individuals and institutions have a predisposition to maintain the status quo in response to external demands for change. Those who oppose change or lose something in the process will often persist in their efforts to undermine its implementation. Educational leaders must understand the politics of change and be able to work with all stakeholders in the policy formulation, policy implementation, and policy evaluation processes.

Conclusion

I'd like to conclude where I began, by suggesting that education is now in a period of relative quiet and calm. In fact, things are too quiet in education today. With few exceptions, one being the discussion around the importance of establishing an effective appeals process for special needs students, education has received little attention in the media. Education was not a significant issue in the last provincial election. While important changes have been made recently to improve the system (limits on class size in certain grades, a new approach to teacher allocation, the expansion of distance education, more emphasis on the fine arts, which I consider vitally important, and improvements in programs for special needs students), much more must be done, now that we have more financial resources. Education must remain a high political priority in the Province's financial decision-making as it competes with such things as health care and the environment.

I can't conclude without making one more general comment. As a society, we must be more cognizant of the impact of a child's home conditions on education, and what must be done in this regard. There is a strong link between socio-economic background and educational achievement. Studies continue to show that family background is the single most important predictor of educational outcomes: that a child's education is seriously affected by poverty, unemployment, poor housing, poor nutrition, inadequate health care, low levels of literacy in the home, and the absence of appropriate early childhood education programs. There are too many students who come to school unprepared to benefit fully from school programs. It may sound utopian, but these issues must also be addressed.

Newfoundland and Labrador is now known throughout Canada for its unique culture and its oil. Let us also be known across the Country for our commitment to equality and excellence in education. That policy would lay the foundation for the Province's future prosperity and the long-term welfare of all our people.

-srbp-